Abstract: The period from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties was an important transition period for the development of human settlement environment in the capital cities of China. Luoyang was a typical representative of the capital construction in this period. Through the historical textual research, field exploration, and spatial diagram methods, this research analyzes the landscape environment foundation of the Luoyang area, and its influence on the urban site selection, north-south axis and water conservancy system construction, as well as the spatial level definition including the core area, suburbs and overall capital region. The research is of great significance to sorting out the evolution process of human settlement construction in Chinese capital cities, providing a historical reference for contemporary urban human settlement planning.