The Development of the Ecological Ideologies and Their Influences on

From the mid-19th century to the 1960s, ecology had viewed organism and the environment as a whole, which had been implicated in some theories and practice of landscape architecture; in the 1960s-1970s, some scholars introduced the “equilibrium paradigm” of ecology into landscape architecture, and “ecological determinism” featuring nature first and scientific positivism had been formed; in the 1980-1990s, ecology had experienced a paradigm shift toward complexity, planning and design based on landscape ecology began to emphasize dynamic landscape configurations and the integration of science and art; since the late 20th century, there has been a trend viewing “ecology” as a metaphor for complex systems, giving rise to the theory and practice of ecological urbanism. Today, the ecological ideologies in landscape architecture have different levels, and they are also embodied comprehensively in practice.