CN 11-5366/S     ISSN 1673-1530
“风景园林,不只是一本期刊。”

人类学栖居视角下传统山水名胜的自然文化混融价值再认知

Re-recognition of the Nature – Culture Integration Value of Traditional Landscape Places of Interest from the Perspective of Anthropological Dwelling

  • 摘要:
    目的  20世纪80—90年代,社会科学领域广泛出现的文化转向思潮影响了包括世界遗产在内的,研究与实践领域对现代性建构的“自然与文化二分”批判性反思。中国传统文化中,具有文化意象的自然环境原本就是“自然-文化-人”的混融整体。因此,有必要将中国传统山水名胜置于超越西方现代性自然-文化二分的混融世界观之下,重新认知其蕴含的自然文化混融价值。
    方法/过程  通过梳理国际遗产保护领域中“自然-文化”二元论的现代性烙印及其影响,以及以文化景观为代表所反映出的当代哲学、人类学等对现代性话语中“自然-文化”二元论的反思,聚焦当代哲学思潮与人类学对自然文化混融性理论认知发展,特别是英国人类学家英戈尔德提出文化与自然混融贯通的人类学栖居视角。
    结果/结论  在超越西方现代性自然文化二分的文化传统视野下,重新认知中国古人真实栖居于山水环境中,将山水名胜纳入自身社会关系网络,并以身体感知为测度,与山水名胜建立了审美和情感上的共度,并因此具有了象征、转喻、隐喻的文化价值。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective  During the period from the 1980s to the 1990s, the cultural turn in the social sciences influenced and contributed to the transformation of the main theme of heritage conservation from history to culture, and the academic paradigm of heritage research also developed from history and architecture to anthropology and cultural geography, with the “relationship between nature and culture” becoming an important aspect of reflection on the representativeness of world heritage. Accordingly, the relationship between “nature, culture and man” under the framework of world heritage has been increasingly emphasized by the theoretical circles of heritage conservation in recent years. In the 1990s, cultural landscape exploring the “interaction between culture and nature” became a specific type of world heritage, and influenced the vision of heritage conservation research in countries all over the world, including China. In traditional Chinese culture, the natural environment with cultural imagery is originally an integrator of “nature, culture and man”, and its cultural significance of symbol, metonymy and metaphor needs to be put into a more macroscopic cultural tradition of landscape in order to get a clearer understanding thereof. Therefore, it is necessary to place traditional landscape of China under an integrated worldview that transcends the nature − culture dichotomy of Western modernity, and to re-recognize the nature − culture integration value of traditional landscape.
    Methods/process  Based on the reflection of the World Heritage Committee and relevant advisory bodies on the representativeness of the World Heritage List in view of the World Heritage Convention and the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, which has been carried out since the 1980s, this research extends to the broader philosophical and social context in which the above discussion has emerged. The “ontology turn” abandons the basic ontological paradigm of “nature − culture” dualism in the modernity discourse in explaining the world, and acknowledges the significance of proposing “multi-naturalism” and “indigenous ontological perspectivism” in the ontological research. In particular, in 1995, British anthropologist Tim Ingold reinterpreted Martin Heidegger’s concept of “dwelling” and formally put forward the methodological framework of the perspective of anthropological dwelling, which transcends the dichotomy between subject and object and turns to the “dwelling perspective” that integrates nature and culture. With the Dwelling Perspective, a methodological framework is formally proposed, which transcends the dichotomy between subject and object, and turns to the integration of nature and culture. The Dwelling Perspective puts the existing value cognition of landscape into the ontological vision that transcends the nature − culture dichotomy of Western modernity, and re-recognizes the fact that ancient Chinese people actually lived in landscape places of interest and achieved an aesthetic and emotional coexistence with such landscape places by integrating them into their own social network based on their physical perception.
    Results/conclusion  By analyzing the discourse of modernity, it is found that the modern “nature − culture” dualism does not represent the world perception mode of all human groups. Without a paradigm that separates nature and culture, the traditional cultures of many human groups including China believe that nature, spirit, multi-species organisms and human beings are integrated as a whole, which represents a pre-modern overlapping of nature and culture that is different from the narrative discourse of modernity. Based on the cognitive horizon of the Anthropological Dwelling Perspective, we can continue to explore the contemporary significance of the nature − culture integration value of traditional landscape places of interest in China. In terms of ideological and theoretical origins, the landscape places of interest in China represent the integral cognition of the surrounding environment under the worldview of “harmony between man and nature”, which are of social significance and emotional sustenance under the concept of scenery − emotion integration. Ontologically, the historical analysis of traditional landscape culture should return to the “practical experience of people in the real world”, and the historical heritage should be “re-understood in the due context, and reflected upon in people’s life logic”.

     

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