CN 11-5366/S     ISSN 1673-1530
“风景园林,不只是一本期刊。”
张欣, 彭长歆. 来自农业生产的启发:明清岭南园林理水的历史机制[J]. 风景园林. DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202403110148
引用本文: 张欣, 彭长歆. 来自农业生产的启发:明清岭南园林理水的历史机制[J]. 风景园林. DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202403110148
Enlightenment from Agricultural Production: Historical Mechanisms of Water Features in Lingnan Gardens in the Ming and Qing Dynasties[J]. Landscape Architecture. DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202403110148
Citation: Enlightenment from Agricultural Production: Historical Mechanisms of Water Features in Lingnan Gardens in the Ming and Qing Dynasties[J]. Landscape Architecture. DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202403110148

来自农业生产的启发:明清岭南园林理水的历史机制

Enlightenment from Agricultural Production: Historical Mechanisms of Water Features in Lingnan Gardens in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

  • 摘要: 【目的】聚焦于治水围垦和农业生产对园林营造的影响,分析明清岭南园林理水的形成机制。【方法】通过历史考证和文献梳理,结合文字、图像和遗存园林,分析明清时期岭南水乡的自然水网特征以及治水围垦模式,剖析园林水景的形成机制,据此探讨岭南掇石叠山、堤围驳岸和庭榭楼台等理水手法。【结果】岭南古代治水与水乡农耕生产为园林水景营造提供了技术基础和实践经验。【结论】随着农耕水利发展和经贸繁荣,岭南水网密布的生产性农耕景观和治水围垦经验逐渐成为园林兴造的技术前提和知识来源;前者为园林择址与布局提供了优良的自然地理条件,后者则促发了引水入池、以堤为岸、深池营建及方池壁岸等岭南园林理水营造的典型特征。

     

    Abstract: Objective The formation of local characteristics in Lingnan garden landscapes is intricately linked to structural relationships with agricultural production, prominently demonstrated through garden water management. Beginning in the Song Dynasty and flourishing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the systematic reclamation and cultivation of land not only addressed agricultural demands but also catalyzed the development of highly integrated agricultural systems and the expansion of commercial agriculture in Lingnan. This process further facilitated early urbanization and external trade, thereby establishing the foundational framework for the emergence of Lingnan garden culture during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Focusing on the interplay between water management, agricultural practices, and garden aesthetics, the article examines how Ming and Qing dynasty Lingnan gardens were shaped by these factors. Methods Through historical research and literature review, combined with textual analysis, images, and existing garden landscapes, this article analyzed the natural water network characteristics and land reclamation patterns in the Lingnan water towns during the Ming and Qing periods. It examined the mechanisms behind the formation of garden water scenes and explores landscaping techniques in Lingnan such as rock placement, hill stacking, embankment construction, and the design of pavilions and terraces. Results With the support of two key elements, namely manpower and technology, the Lingnan region developed effective water conservancy facilities to prevent and control flooding in the Pearl River Delta, such as earth and stone embankment techniques, as well as techniques to regulate water resources and prevent flooding in an integrated manner, including stone sinus, stone dams and intermediate foundations. An agro-ecosystem modelled on the Kei Wai fishpond was developed in Lingnan during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and as a result, a unique landscape for agricultural production was created. Some of them were utilised as various types of construction sites during the urbanisation course of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and became natural substrates for garden creation. In the long-term development of Lingnan gardens, the techniques of creating water gardens have been formed by relying on natural water systems and combing them with water gardens through diversion and shaping. Among them, the dredging of the garden pool and water level control have drawn on the experience of water management in the dike. Facilities such as sluice gates, water gates and sinuses, as well as experience in water management, are also used to finely manage the quality of water bodies in gardens. The embankment with the function of water shaping and enclosure undertook various functions such as traffic and ornamental, which created the linear landscape characteristics in the late Qing Dynasty Lingnan gardens. Ming and Qing Lingnan agricultural productive landscape clearly influenced the Lingnan garden water management aesthetic concepts and technical models, the most significant feature of which is the square pool wall bank. To a certain extent, the water management of Lingnan gardens is culturally a legacy and a result of change, and in terms of construction, it is a miniaturised product of stone dykes and enclosures, including the similarity of function and material, and the inheritance relationship between structure and form. Conclusion Various aspects of garden water management in Ming and Qing Lingnan evidenced close associations with contemporary agricultural reclamation endeavors. Agricultural expansions during this period propelled advancements in field water management systems, facilitating the transition from natural farmlands to productive agricultural landscapes. The cultural influence of literati and scholars in Ming and Qing Lingnan, expressing empathy and poetic acclaim for agricultural production landscapes, played a pivotal role. Traditional Lingnan agricultural practices, such as mulberry-based fish ponds and lotus-based fish ponds, fostered technological progress and accumulated experience in the Pearl River Delta region, accelerating the formation and privatization of agricultural irrigation landscapes. This phenomenon sparked significant developments in garden water management practices related to landscaping techniques such as stone arrangement and bridge construction. The historical mechanisms of agricultural expansion in Lingnan imply novel perspectives on traditional gardens. Diverging from mainstream Chinese classical gardens such as imperial or scholar gardens, which typically evolved top-down under elite patronage or scholarly influence, the foundational logic behind Ming and Qing Lingnan gardens stemmed from waves of migration since the Tang and Song Dynasties, agricultural reclamation efforts, and capital accumulation driven by commercial agriculture. This underscored a grassroots approach to garden development, presenting an alternative manifestation of Chinese classical gardens that embodies their richness and diversity.

     

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