CN 11-5366/S     ISSN 1673-1530
“风景园林,不只是一本期刊。”

金沙江流域水电移民聚落的“地方-适应”研究:以鲁地拉水电站为例

“Locality – Adaptation” Research of Hydropower Resettlement Communities in the Jinsha River Basin: A Case Study of Ludila Hydropower Station

  • 摘要:
    目的 针对金沙江流域水电开发引发的人水关系重构与地方性网络割裂问题,通过评估金沙江流域水利水电工程对流域人水关系的影响,特别是水电开发性移民在环境变化下的适应性挑战,为移民聚落的可持续发展提供策略支持。
    方法 以金沙江鲁地拉水电移民聚落为研究对象,构建流域视角下的水利水电移民聚落“地方-适应”保护框架,利用多源数据和随机森林技术,分析水电移民聚落在迁移前后“生活-生产-文化”空间的发展变化,探讨水电移民聚落人居环境“地方-适应”性。
    结果 1)水电站水库上下游共淹没37.12 km2的土地,其中包括21.61 km2的金沙江沿岸优质耕地;2)65.8%的原址民居为传统土木结构瓦顶建筑,移民安置点民居48.7%为统一规划的平屋顶建筑,51.3%为加建或改造;3)涛源龙王庙通过持续祭祀活动实现100%原址功能保留,大龙潭水库供水系统完成90%淹没灌区功能替代,实现了水利工程建设与传统祭祀空间保留的协同运作。
    结论 水电移民聚落通过地方性要素的适应性重构,在“生产-生活-文化”维度形成系统性响应机制。生活空间以自主营建实践转译地域气候适应性,在统一规划建设中延续空间符号;生产空间融合传统耕作智慧与现代补偿机制,通过作物结构优化重塑生计体系;文化空间通过仪式空间的功能转化与水文化符号的创造性传承,维系流域聚落的地方认同。通过分析移民群体地方性知识的适应性重构,在流域尺度构建协同路径,为剧变环境下人水关系的可持续发展提供了实践范式。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective Within human – environment systems, river basins constitute the earliest geographical units of human activity and currently represent the most critical zones of strained human – environment interactions. Facing the prominent and complex contradictions in basin-scale human – environment relationships, the evolution and coupling mechanisms of human – water dynamics have emerged as pivotal research issue. With technological advancements, early humans continuously shaped the earth’s surface through hydraulic facilities such as canals, dams, and embankments, directly intervening in human – water relationships. Since the modern era, large-scale hydraulic and hydropower projects have significantly enhanced the capacity of basin settlements to utilize water resources and hydropower, strengthened resilience against water-related disasters, generated extensive socio-economic and ecological benefits, and altered the productive – ecological coupling relationships of settlements. In this process, the uniqueness of hydropower resettlement lies in the radical restructuring of human – water relationships — transformations that not only reconfigure physical spaces but also fragment basin-rooted local knowledge networks. This research evaluates the compound impacts of hydraulic and hydropower projects on basin-scale human – environment systems, focusing on the adaptive challenges faced by hydropower resettlers under abrupt environmental changes. By constructing a “locality – adaptation” conservation framework, the research reveals how resettlers rebalance local elements through adaptive strategies such as selective preservation, innovative transformation, and memory-driven reconstruction in newly constructed environments.
    Methods As a typical scenario of abrupt changes in social – ecological systems, the environmental shocks experienced by relocated settlements provide a natural experimental setting for studying human habitat adaptability. This research takes the resettlement communities of the Ludila Hydropower Station along the Jinsha River as the research object, and develops a linkage analysis method that integrates macroscopic land cover evolution with microscopic architectural spatial adjustments. By connecting the drastic environmental effects at the basin level with human behavioral responses at the settlement level, the research visually demonstrates how hydropower projects trigger residential space reconstruction through land resource constraints. At the basin scale, the Patch-level Land Use Simulation Model (PLUS) is employed to analyze land use adaptation changes in the basin during two phases: 2005 –2010 (pre-resettlement period) and 2015 –2020 (post-resettlement period). At the settlement scale, the Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Mask R-CNN) deep learning model is utilized to identify architectural spatial features, categorizing three typical building types: traditional pitched-roof buildings, uniformly planned flat-roof buildings, and color steel plate-modified structures. Through multi-source data fusion (including remote sensing, demographic statistics, and compensation records) and field investigations, the research quantitatively analyzes the “locality – adaptation” reconstruction process of resettlement communities across the three spatial dimensions of living, production, and cultural spaces.
    Results 1) Land cover evolution: Water storage of hydropower station inundates 37.12 km2 of land (including 21.61 km² of high-quality cultivated land), resulting in a loss of 43.68% of settlement production space. 2) Adjustment of architectural space: 65.8% of dwellings in the original villages are traditional timber-earth buildings with a tile roof, which adapt to the climate environment of concentrated rainfall and sufficient sunshine in the Jinsha River Basin. 48.7% of the resettlement sites adopt unified flat roof planning, and 51.3% realize functional optimization through self-construction or renovation, with the average renovation area reaching 230.9 m2. 3) Transformation of livelihood system: The annual compensation mechanism only restores 15.79% of the cultivated land allocation before resettlement, and the proportion of compensation income drops from 82.71% in the initial stage of relocation to 33.15% after long-term resettlement, driving the adjustment of crop structure to high value-added cash crops. 4) Cultural space reconstruction: In the context of the disappearance of traditional water transport functions, the three cultural relics reconstructed in different places show a symbolic turn. Among them, Taoyuan Longwang Temple fully retains the original worship function (retention rate is 100%) and forms a functional complement with the new water supply system of Dalongtan Reservoir (replacing the function of 90% of the inundated irrigation area). The local maintenance of cultural space essentially depends on the dual continuation of the functional bearing and symbolic meaning of the relationship between human and water.
    Conclusion The hydropower settlement forms a systematic response mechanism in the “production – living – culture” dimensions through the adaptive reconstruction of local elements. The living space is translated into climate adaptability by unified planning and construction, and the building renovation rate reaches 73.3%; reservoir inundation results in the loss of 43.68% of high-quality cultivated land, driving the migration of farming space to the middle-high altitude area (the slope demand for forest land development increases by 26.96%), and forming a spatial replacement mechanism of “inundation loss – slope compensation”; the cultural space retains locality through function transformation and symbols of water culture reconstruction. While revealing the rigid constraints of engineering intervention on the natural environment, the research systematically explains the dynamic balance process between the damage of the natural environment and the adjustment of the human system by analyzing the adaptive restructurction of place-based knowledge among resettlement communities achieved by the resettlement communities through spatial practice, and provides a practical paradigm for the sustainable development of the relationship between human and water in the changing environment.

     

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