“双碳”背景下中国风电景观的立地布局特征及类型
详细信息Site Layout Characteristics and Types of Wind-Power Landscape in China Under the Background of “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality”
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摘要:目的
在“双碳”背景下，风电已成为继火电、水电之后的第三大主力电源。科学、系统地认识中国风电景观立地布局特征和类型，可为后续相关研究提供理论支持。
方法以2020年中国陆上风电景观为研究对象，提出“风电景观布局要素”体系，基于空间自相关分析、多环缓冲分析等方法，从自然、功能设备、人地实践3类要素分析风电景观立地布局特征；并选取地形地貌特征、周边景观类型、土地利用类型、环境条件4个景观特征因子作为分类依据，遵循自上而下的多等级分类思路，系统划分中国风电景观类型。
结果结果显示：1）风电景观立地布局呈多元化、区域性分布，部分区域存在与生态环境敏感区交叠等问题；2）风电景观可划分为山地、滨海等七大类，山地耕地、滨海林地等26子类。
结论基于此，提出基于风电景观布局要素的机理与影响、基于风电景观类型的评估与对比、风电景观评价标准及技术规范3个拟开展的研究方向。在一定程度上弥补了现阶段中国风电景观立地条件及类型等基础研究的空白，同时也拓宽了风电景观作为文化景观的研究边界，以期为未来风电快速发展背景下的自然景观资源保护和利用、风电景观规划设计实践提供支撑。
Abstract:ObjectiveUnder the background of China’s “Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality” policy, wind power has become the third largest power source after thermal power and hydropower. It is not difficult to predict that renewable energy facilities, such as wind turbines will increasingly appear in urban and rural landscape, which will bring many research tasks under the framework of “renewable energy landscape” to the field of landscape architecture. A scientific and systematic understanding of the site layout characteristics and types of wind-power landscape in China can provide basic and theoretical support for subsequent related research.
MethodsThis research takes the onshore wind-power landscape of China in 2020 as the research object, proposes the framework of “layout elements of wind-power landscape”, and analyses the site layout characteristics of wind-power landscape in China based on the three elements of nature, functional equipment and human-land practice by such methods as Getis-Ord General G spatial autocorrelation analysis, and multiple ring buffer analysis. Following a top-down multi-level classification approach, the research selects the four landscape character factors of terrain and geomorphic features, surrounding landscape types, land use types and environmental conditions as classification criteria to systematically classify the types of wind-power landscape in China.
ResultsThe results show that: 1) The site layout of wind-power landscape is characterized by diversification and regional distribution. As to natural elements, the elevation distribution belongs to low value aggregation, while the slope and aspect distribution belong to high value aggregation. As to functional equipment elements, wind turbine forms with obvious landscape layout characteristics can be summarized into five types: linear type, dominant linear type, grid type, matrix type, and plum-blossom type. As to human-land practice elements, it has been found that the noise, light and shadow safety protection regulations for some wind-power projects need to be strengthened. 2) Wind-power landscape can be divided into 7 categories such as mountain and coast wind-power landscape and 26 subcategories such as mountainous arable land and coastal forest land wind-power landscape. The proportion of the 7 categories of landscape can be ranked as follow: III mountain wind-power landscape > I plain wind-power landscape > II hilly wind-power landscape > V coast wind-power landscape > VI riverside and lakeside wind-power landscape > IV plateau wind-power landscape > VII urban wind-power landscape. Among them, the total number of mountain and plain wind-power landscape accounts for 63.7%, forming the “foundation” of China’s wind-power landscape. Each wind-power landscape category presents an arched and banded interweaving pattern spatially. The northern plain wind-power landscape extension zone stretches and transitions to the south, blending with hilly and plateau wind-power landscape groups. The development zones of mountain wind-power landscape are mainly distributed in the southwest and central China regions, and the basal zone of coast wind-power landscape is in the southern region. Across the country, the mountain wind-power landscape, hilly wind-power landscape, plain wind-power landscape and coast wind-power landscape are distributed from west to east in sequence, which is corresponding to the “three steps” elevation change in China. The riverside and lakeside wind-power landscape and urban wind-power landscape are distributed in varying degrees of dispersion.
ConclusionBased on the above research results, three future research directions are proposed: mechanism and impact research based on wind-power landscape layout elements, evaluation and comparative research based on wind-power landscape types, and wind-power landscape evaluation standards and technical specifications. This research fills the gap in the framework of basic research on wind-power landscape in China to some extent, and expands the research boundary of wind-power landscape as a cultural landscape. The research results can provide a basis for scientific and systematic understanding of the classification and distribution characteristics of wind-power landscape in China, and a reference for the protection of natural landscape resources and the planning and design of wind-power landscape under the background of rapid wind-power development in the future.
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注释：
① 根据中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部发布的《城市居住区规划设计标准》（GB 50180—2018），以20%作为城市风电景观建筑密度限值。图表来源(Sources of Figures and Tables)：② 以各风电景观中的风机数量为字段值，基于ArcGIS软件的自然间断点分级法将风电景观分为小型（1~78台）、中型（79~202台）、大型（203~471台）、超大型（472~1 124台）4类。 -
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图 1 2020年中国陆上风机分布及各省风机的数量占比
Figure 1. Distribution of China’s onshore wind turbines and the proportion of wind turbines in each province in 2020
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图 4 风电景观子类所在区域的土地利用类型和环境
Figure 4. Land use types and environment in each area where a subcategory of wind-power landscape is located
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图 6 2020年中国风电景观高程（6-1）、坡度（6-2）、坡
Figure 6. Elevation (6-1), slope (6-2) and aspect (6-3) distribution of China’s wind-power landscape in 2020
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图 7 中国风电景观与水带的空间关系
Figure 7. Spatial relationship between wind-power landscape and water belt in China
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图 8 风电景观与生态环境敏感区交叠情况示意
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of overlapping between wind-power landscape and ecologically sensitive areas
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图 9 具有明显景观排布特征的风机布局形式
Figure 9. Wind turbine layout form with obvious landscape arrangement characteristics
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图 10 风电景观对居民点的噪声、光影、视觉影响分析
Figure 10. Analysis of noise, shadow flicker, and visual impact of wind-power landscape on residential areas
数据名称 数据来源 数据详情 2020年中国陆上风机点位数据 陈玮整理的中国风电机组数据
（mp.weixin.qq.com/s/IXTV22yti_wwE7lf5EQ5tQ）基于OpenStreetMap网站，通过python程序处理获取 2020年中国标准地图 自然资源部标准地图服务系统（bzdt.ch.mnr.gov.cn） 审图号：GS（2020）4619号 2020年中国各省、市行政边界矢量数据 国家地球系统科学数据中心（www.geodata.cn） — 2020年中国地貌数据 国家青藏高原科学数据中心（data.tpdc.ac.cn） 中国1︰400万数字地貌数据集[34] 2020年中国土地利用数据 欧洲航天局（viewer.esa-worldcover.org） Sentinel-1、Sentinel-2卫星影像数据，10 m×10 m分辨率 2020年中国遥感影像数据 中国科学院计算机网络信息中心地理空间数据云
（www.gscloud.cn）Landsat 8卫星影像数据，30 m×30 m分辨率，8月，少云 2020年数字高程模型（digital elevation model, DEM）、道路、水系等基础地理信息数据 全国地理信息资源目录服务系统（www.webmap.cn） 比例为1︰100万，30 m×30 m分辨率 
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表 2 2020年中国风电景观点位空间自相关分析
Table 2 Spatial analysis of China’s wind-power landscape in 2020 based on Getis-Ord General G function
空间自相关分析因子 z得分 p值 高程 −0.90 <0.10 坡度 0.54 <0.05 坡向 0.02 <0.10 注：表中z得分是空间自相关分析因子的标准化值，p值表示变量为随机变量的概率值。
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表 3 中国风电景观分类体系
Table 3 Classification of wind-power landscape in China
大类 子类 景观及风机排布特点 占比/% 主要分布区域 Ⅰ平原风
电景观Ⅰ-A平原荒漠风电景观 位于干旱与半干旱地区，地面覆盖大片砾石和细沙形成戈壁、沙漠景观，风机多呈矩阵型排布 10.7 31.3 内蒙古、甘肃、新疆 Ⅰ-B平原耕地风电景观 包括水田或旱地景观，风机多沿水田内的养殖池与灌溉水渠、旱地内的田埂布设 3.6 河南、山东 Ⅰ-C平原草地风电景观 位于植被形态以草本为主且植被覆盖度较高的草原 4.3 内蒙古 Ⅰ-D平原林地风电景观 多位于距居民点较近的灌木林地，道路景观明显 1.9 安徽、黑龙江 Ⅰ-E平原混合风电景观 风机周围以2种及以上的土地利用类型为主，草原向荒漠过渡的平原地区多为荒-草混合风电景观 10.8 内蒙古、宁夏 Ⅱ丘陵风
电景观Ⅱ-A丘陵荒漠风电景观 位于干旱与半干旱地区，地势起伏轻微，地表覆盖大片砾石形成戈壁景观，风机多呈矩阵型排布 1.7 17.2 内蒙古、新疆、宁夏 Ⅱ-B丘陵耕地风电景观 分布于丘陵的旱地景观破碎化严重，风机多设于旱地周围的零星草地上；分布于丘陵的水田主要形式为梯田，风机多沿梯田等高线布设 0.9 山东 Ⅱ-C丘陵草地风电景观 位于植被形态以草本为主且植被覆盖度较高的草原，四周围绕耕地 3.7 内蒙古、河北、宁夏 Ⅱ-D丘陵林地风电景观 多位于距居民点较近的灌木林地，地势起伏轻微，道路景观明显 2.7 云南、安徽、辽宁 Ⅱ-E丘陵混合风电景观 风机周围以2种及以上的土地利用类型为主，多为林-田、田-草、荒-草混合风电景观 8.2 河北、内蒙古、宁夏 Ⅲ山地风
电景观Ⅲ-A山地荒漠风电景观 位于干旱与半干旱地区，地势起伏大，属于因物理风化强烈作用所形成的戈壁或岩漠景观，风机数量多且多呈矩阵型排布 0.2 32.4 宁夏、西藏 Ⅲ-B山地耕地风电景观 山地耕地景观破碎化严重，风机多沿田埂布设 0.7 贵州 Ⅲ-C山地草地风电景观 位于地势起伏大、水分条件充足的草甸区域，风机沿山脊线布设 11.1 贵州、河南、山西 Ⅲ-D山地林地风电景观 多位于远离居民点、人为干扰极小的区域，道路景观明显，风机沿山脊线布设 16.2 重庆、云南、河北 Ⅲ-E山地混合风电景观 因山地景观高破碎化，风机周围多以3种及以上的土地利用类型为主，如林-田-荒-草的复杂混合风电景观 4.2 河北、内蒙古、宁夏 Ⅳ高原风
电景观Ⅳ-A高原荒漠风电景观 位于干旱与半干旱地区，地面覆盖大片砾石形成戈壁景观，风机多呈矩阵型排布 0.2 3.1 宁夏 Ⅳ-B高原耕地风电景观 多位于高原沟壑区，耕地撂荒严重，风机沿田埂布设 0.2 河南 Ⅳ-C高原草地风电景观 位于植被覆盖度较低且植被种类单一的草原景观 1.0 山西 Ⅳ-E高原混合风电景观 风机周围以2种及以上的土地利用类型为主，多为田-草混合风电景观 1.7 宁夏、陕西 Ⅴ滨海风
电景观Ⅴ-A滨海裸地风电景观 位于湿润与半湿润地区，且基本无植被覆盖的地表 0.7 10.6 浙江 Ⅴ-B滨海耕地风电景观 主要包括沿海盐田和养殖池景观，二者交错分布构成人工滨海湿地的重要组成部分，风机多沿田埂布设 3.1 山东、辽宁 Ⅴ-D滨海林地风电景观 地形地貌以山地、丘陵为主，风机沿山脊线布设 3.6 福建、广东、浙江 Ⅴ-F滨海海岸风电景观 周围景观以沿海基干林带、沿海盐田和沿海养殖池为主，风机沿海岸线布设 2.6 台湾、浙江 Ⅴ-G滨海滩涂风电景观 风机位于滩涂潮间带，包括永久海堤内侧（不受两潮侵蚀）、永久海堤上、永久海堤外侧3种类型 0.6 广东 Ⅵ河湖滩风
电景观Ⅵ-M河滩风电景观 风机位于河谷地貌中河床与谷坡之间的河滩，周围多为沿河呈带状或条状分布的河谷农业景观 0.7 4.5 黑龙江 Ⅵ-N湖滩风电景观 风机位于湖边水深时淹没、水浅时露出的湖滩，周围土地利用类型以湿地、耕地、草地为主 3.8 新疆、黑龙江、青海 Ⅶ城市风
电景观— 位于人口、经济、文化均高度集中的城市内部，周围景观硬质率较高，以建筑为主，风机未成组布设，一般以1~2台为单位插设 0.9 0.9 上海
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